Free Radical
Quick Definition
An unstable atom or molecule with an unpaired electron that can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease.
In-Depth Explanation
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons in their outer shell, making them highly reactive. They seek to stabilize themselves by 'stealing' electrons from nearby molecules, creating a chain reaction of cellular damage known as oxidative stress.
Free radicals are produced naturally during metabolism and immune responses but can also be generated by environmental factors like pollution, UV radiation, cigarette smoke, and pesticides.
The body has built-in antioxidant defense systems (like superoxide dismutase and glutathione) that neutralize free radicals. When free radical production exceeds the body's antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress occurs, which has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. A diet rich in antioxidants helps support the body's defenses against free radical damage.